Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment research a Essay

Is pluralism of philosophical assumptions in managment research a cause for concern or celebration Explain your answer and disc - Essay Example This report is a discussion about management research, about its techniques and practices mostly adapted by managerial researchers. The objective here is to find the relationship between pluralism and management research, which is one philosophical approach adapted in most of the managerial researches. The aim is to test the argument that whether â€Å"pluralism is a cause of concern or celebration in the practice of management research, as one effectively adapted approach in the practice†. What is Management Research? Management research can be defined as a practice, which managers adapt to acquire knowledge and information. This practice is to meet the requirements set by managers, which are mostly of acquiring knowledge that is most needed in a particular organization (Brooks, 2002). It can be intellectual knowledge, knowledge related to managers’ skills, or knowledge to grow organization’s equity, which managers generally acquire by means of management resear ch. Moreover, managers conduct management research to understand the internal functions, operations, and structure of a particular organization. ... Philosophical Assumptions of Pluralism in Management Research According to the contemporary literature, pluralism is a philosophical school of thought that is composed of four different elements - diversity, understanding, commitment and dialogue. These elements are basically philosophical assumptions of pluralism, which describes pluralism as a state of multiplicity (Werner, 2002). Multiplicity of thoughts, of ideas, rationales, and decisions all come in the pluralist school of thought. Generally when managers adapt pluralism in management research, they are inevitably engaged with diversity and multiplicity (Werner, 2002). Accepting diversity as a culture in pluralism, managers have to be tolerant and have to show patience to go across the lines to build understanding in their relationships. Understanding and commitment are two essential features of pluralism, and are most challenging to managers as they test the leadership, the gratitude and personality qualities of managers durin g management research (Johnson & Duberley, 2000). Pluralism motivates managers on collective decision-making and for which managers have to bring a cross-integral dialogue with their peers to bring collective decisions. Collective opinions and views are of major importance in pluralism (Pettigrew, 2001). Encounter of commitments have to be shown by managers on their decisions, as strong commitment is one rule and a promise in pluralism. Actually, it is test of collective wisdom which pluralism sets out for all managers involved in a management research activity (Sheffield, 2009). At the initial level, all managers find pluralism a difficult approach to adopt in management research, but when fruits of

Justice and Injustice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Justice and Injustice - Essay Example For example, I found that many individuals in America believed that since Saudi Arabia is an Islamic society, it does not have the necessary development to be in the modern world. The major American image of the Saudi society is one which is extremely backward with little to commend it to the world apart from its oil wealth. This image of Saudi Arabia is a very bad stereotype of the people of this state because most of the population of this country is very much in line with the modern world, but living their lives in compatibility with Islam. The people of Saudi Arabia have adopted many of the ways of the Western world that they find to be good and this include has included the adoption of automobiles for transport, the wearing of western clothing, especially the men and most of all, they live in houses which have been built in the western style. The justice system of Saudi Arabia, while considered by many as extremely harsh, can be said to be among the most just in the world, because justice tends to be swift and decisive (Rosen 819). This has led to a situation where Saudi Arabia has among the lowest prevalence of crime in the world, meaning that its justic e system is, while not perfect, among the best. The popular opinion in America is that Saudi Arabia is a country which is mired in political fanaticism because of the fact that its laws are derived directly from the Quran. This image only applies to a few of the people in this society because the majority is surprisingly very liberal in matters concerning religion. Very few Saudis share the same religious point of view as that which is propagated by religious fanatics who commit acts of terrorism in the name of Islam. In fact, most Saudis tend to display the same kind of liberalism that is displayed by the other Arabs in the Middle East. The western perceptions of Saudis have been by the media’s portrayal of it and the only way to learn the truth is through finding out the facts. It is my opinion that the death penalty should continue to be applied in all societies because it is the surest way to ensure that justice against heinous crimes is attained. It can be argued that the death penalty serves as a disincentive to misde meanours, since those who are given the death penalty serve as an example to those who would be tempted to indulge in criminal activities. In addition, it can be stated that there are some individuals, such as murderers, who when sentenced to death ensures that similar crimes within their societies are deterred from happening frequently. In the Islamic belief, it is stated that those individuals who cannot conform to the morals of the society, such as the natural laws against murder, have to be removed from society on a permanent basis. This action, however harsh it is helps to ensure that such individuals are kept from repeating the same crimes that they have committed. It can further be argued that the death penalty is a just punishment for those individuals who commit such heinous crimes as rape, murder, and other violent crimes it can be said that such people lack the human conscience to live in civilised society. It is my belief that the death penalty is completely justified es pecially when applied to cases where individuals have committed sequential murders or have committed mass killings, since these acts are unpardonable in most human societies in the world (Miller and Hayward 113). One would argue that the putting of such

How Important Are Sex Education Practices Young People Essay

How Important Are Sex Education Practices Young People Essay Sex education is a broadly used term that can be used to describe education about human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, contraception, and other aspects of human sexual behavior. Some of the common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers and school programs. The question this essay is going to assess is whether sex education be allowed to be taught in primary schools, this is because nowadays young people do not have a clear understanding about Sex education, therefore the government is now trying to introduce sex education in primary schools .Sex education is about helping to develop young people skills so that they make informed choices about their behaviour, and feel confident and competent about acting on these choices. This essay is also going to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of sex education by looking at parents views on the topic as well as research that has been conducted regarding sex education. First I will start with the aim and strengths of sex education and then move on to its weaknesses. It is important for sex education to begin at an early age and also provided that it is sustained giving young people basic information from an early stage in their lives to offer the foundation on which more complex knowledge is build up over time, for example , when they are very young , children can be educated about how people grow and change over time , how to manage their emotions and the physical changes to their bodies in childhood and how they progress from different stages in their lives, therefore this provides the basis on which they understand more detailed information about puberty provided in the pre-teenage years, they can also at a young age be provided with information about viruses and germs that attack the body , this provide the basis for talking to them later about infection that can be caught through sexual contact. Sex education aims to reduce the risk of potentially negative outcomes from sexual behaviour such as unwanted or unplanned pregnancies and infections with sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Studies show that many teenagers become sexually active before the inclusion of the educational classes. Early inclusion of classes has proven to help students remain either abstinent or to at least be responsible if they are active. It also aims to contribute to young people positive experience of their sexuality by enhancing the quality of their relationships and their ability to make informed decisions over their life time. Effective sex education develops younger peoples skills in negotiation, decision making, assertion and listening. Other important skills include being able to recognize pressures from other peers and to resist them, dealing with and challenging prejudice and being able to seek help from adults including parents, and professionals, through the family, community and health and welfare services. Sex education if taught at early age can also help equip young people with the skills to be able to differentiate between accurate and inaccurate information and discuss a rage of moral and social issues and perspectives on sex and sexuality including different cultural attitudes and sensitive issues like sexuality, abortion and contraception. Sex education also do provide young people with an opportunity to explore the reason why people have sex, and to think about how it evolve emotions, respect for one self and other people and their feelings, decisions and bodies. People who have been in favour of sex education are for example, Jim Knight, the Schools Minister, who said that making time in the national curriculum for these classes, as part of a new personal social and health education (PSHE) syllabus would ensure that young people were better equipped to navigate the complexities of modern life. He insisted, however, that very young children would not be given sexually explicit lessons. We are not talking about five-year-olds being taught about sex . . . What we are talking about in Key Stage 1 (when children are aged 5 to 7) is children learning about themselves, their differences, their friendships, how to manage their feelings. Having to teach sex education to young people can be a disturbing experience as they are still young and their understanding is not yet fully developed. Controversies are abundant when dealing with such delicate issues and there are many disadvantages to sexual education being taught in primary schools. It seems that most parents are either strongly against or strongly in favour of sexual education classes, but very few parents are in the middle ground. And, in fact, there are more parents that are in favour of sexual education classes Some of the difficulties primary teachers might face are that first of all they are not always trained how to properly teach sexual education courses and may transgress their own beliefs or morals into the subject matter rather than stick with the facts. Which will lead to confusion later in life because it might be that secondary teachers are more trained therefore they stick to the facts; this results students to be bewildered about what is actually the right and wrong. Often, sexual education can go against an individuals moral or religious beliefs. Many schools do not teach abstinence only but teach how to have intercourse safely, whereas many religious and family values stress marriage before intercourse. This will result in parents withdrawing their children from classes, especially when it concerns girls; parents tend to be more strict than towards boys. An example of this is from The Times newspaper as a mother explains why she if removing her daughter from sex education classes For her, the horror began with a childbirth video last summer term. I have no idea how graphic it was neither does Ruby, because she buried her head in her hands as soon as she saw the womans face, which was, in Rubys words, twisted in pain. The womans cries scared her and Ruby came home in tears, doubting that she would ever have children. Several ashen-faced boys said that they were sure glad they werent girls. Then came the animated stick people having sex, comple te with zoom- in diagrams. These classes also tend to be gendered due to the fact that their central focus is teenage pregnancy, which means most of the advice they have to offer is on contraceptives. Also the sex education field is mostly dominated by females and as a result boys do not have role models to teach them about everything or have people who have previously experienced what they are experiencing now. Consequently due to the lack of males in the sex education field boys will start to think it does not concern them therefore they will start to lose interest especially at a young age students may still suffer from embarrassment or get excitable by the topic matter. This can cause for out of control classrooms if students take to giggling or making inappropriate remarks. Furthermore, while information about contraception and safe sex is discretionary and discussion about relationships is often neglected teenagers tent to grow up without knowing much about relationships therefore they lack knowledge on how to maintain or work on relationships. In addition some teachers usually discuss students issues in the staff room for example in a 2000 study by the University of Brighton, many 14 to 15 year olds reported disappointment with the content of sex education lessons and felt that lack of confidentiality prevents teenagers from asking teachers about contraception In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4 it was revealed that almost three in ten teenagers say they need more sex and relationships education. The Guardian Unlimited: (2009) Having assessed sex education through its pros and cons, it is however clear that this topic has more weaknesses than strengths. Nevertheless it is also clear that sex education can have both positive and negative effects on peoples lives. For example using the extract from The Times, the child could have come how crying because her knowledge on sex education is not fully developed therefore, for her to see those images scared her. However it could be positive in a way that that video had prepared her for the future, whenever she comes into contact with that circumstance again she will would have already known about it. To conclude it all comes down to how the topic is taught, if it should be taught at age 5 as Jim knight the school minister said then they should be shown the very basic of sex education not too much graphics however the knowledge can gradually be built up as time goes on. Referencing The Guardian Unlimited: (2009) Children under 15 can be withdrawn from sex education(Accessed 14 Dec 2009) Ann Moore (2009)Times, The (London, England) Too much, too young As the Government sets out new rules for sex education , Anna Moore explains why she is removing her daughter from the classes (Accessed 14 Dec 2009) http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/education/article4998206.ece

The Emerging American Character During the 1700’s :: essays research papers

The Emerging American Character During the 1700’s (7 There once was an Italian man by the name of Amerigo Vespucci, who sailed the seas and explored South America. And later named America after himself. And there was Bartholomew Diaz who was also a navigator of the sea, but he was from Portugal, and the first European to round the cay of good hope in 1488. Then there was another Italian explorer, he to commanded the English exploration and alter discovered the North American mainland. He was John Cabot. The House of Burgesses was the lowest legislative house, and it was located in colonial Virginia. Holy land in America is the strange politico, mainly religious sects. (Palestine) There was a series of brutal wars undertaken by the Christians of Europe, this took place between the 11th and 14th century, that was the crusades. It happened to recover the great holy lands from the Muslims. Another great navigator from Portugal was Henry the navigator, he was the prince of Portugal who began to establish an observatory and also a school of navigation, and he also directed many long voyages that ignited the growth of Portugal’s colonial empire. The lost colony of Virginia was the Roanoke land that was taken over by the â€Å"Drotuann† Native Americans. Intercolonial wars refer to when the French and Indian wars between Great Britain and France in the late seventeenth and sixteenth century, these wars started a great change to British colonies. There was an English colonist and religious leader that was banished from Boston in 1637 just because of her religious beliefs. Her name was Anne Hutchinson . (1 I am an English philosopher in the current time of the 1600’s, my name is John Locke and I would like to explain my ideology. Well I believe in the enlighten (mainstream of thought at the 18th century of Europe), I think that the middle class and it’s rights to freedom of conscience and also I believe that they should have a right to property. I hold good faith in my science and along with the good of humanity. My thoughts are the basic state of nature was originally happy until characterized by tolerance. But not everyone feels the same way that I do, for instance Thomas Hobbes must controdict with me mainly because I feel he aroused the Antigo of the English group in France and also his thorough materialism often offends fellow churchman.

Namesake: Different Cultures Essay

The movie The Namesake explored many issues with regards to culture and the relationships in which we create within different cultures. Throughout the movie issues with parents, partners, different cultures and death all play a key role in purveying the messages the director wanted to get across. When the Ganguli family has to move from India to New York we see how relationships change and how Ashima has to change in order to adapt to the American lifestyle. Gogol who is Ashima’s son first started having a relationship outside his culture and without the backing from his parents with a wealthy white girl, Max. In the Bengali culture it is not accepted to have a relationship outside the same ethnicity. At first he embraced it and took on the American way of life, listening to American music, drinking wine and socializing with Max and her parents. Ashima never directly showed her disapproval of his choices but would frown upon them. From this relationship he drifted further away from his parents, spending more time with Max until the death of his father. From this tragedy he resorts back to his Indian culture where Max does not support this change. Furthermore the relationship fails due to not seeing eye to eye on the cultural differences and understanding his heritage and ways in which his family are bounded together through this connection. Later in the movie Gogol starts a relationship and marries Moushumi she is within the same culture, Ashima had previously tried to bring the two of them together in the past. She approves of the relationship and the practicing of the Indian culture they do together. However later on in the movie we find out Moushumi has been unfaithful. Even though both sets of parents approve of the marriage and the relationship it still fails, as this is not what Moushumi wants. It is more of what her parents and Gogols parents want. Due to this their relationship is doomed from the start as they are both living their parents wishes rather than their own. In contrast to both of Gogols relationships his parents Ashima’s and Ashoke’s marriage is a success in regards to the fact that it didn’t end from any doing of their own. Their marriage started as arranged through their parents. Due to both of them missing their Indian heritage after moving to the US they wanted to keep that very much a part of them. With this connection they both seemed to be happy and not want to rebel against societal norms and therefore their relationship seems to be a success. They embraced the American way of life but kept their Indian culture a big part of their life. Overall I really enjoyed the movie. It gave a lot of perspectives on life and how it is easy to get caught up in the society you live in and forget about who brought you into the world. The movie gave the audience a great insight into how family relationships form and how they can drift apart if you don’t make a conscious effort to stay in touch with that side. This is very much relevant to my life and me being in this American society as I have family back in England and it is easy to get caught up with everything America has to offer and the opportunistic way of life. However I still need to remember my family and keep a strong connection between them even though I am in another country.

Steve Jobs Leadership

Some would say that Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Computers Inc. , was an exceptional leader. However, there are many who would disagree with that statement. Jobs could define leadership in some aspects, yet he fell short in others. Jobs’ leadership style is difficult to pin down because his position fit very many styles. Steve Jobs co-founded Apple in 1976 and in 1984 he created the Macintosh, the first small computer with a graphic interface. Unfortunately in 1985 Jobs was forced to leave after an internal power struggle with the companies CEO. Jobs later returned to a struggling Apple after 12 years and turned the company around. During the 12 years he was away, Steve Jobs created successful companies such as Pixar and NeXT. Pixar was acquired by Disney and NeXT was acquired by Apple Computers upon Jobs’ return. Jobs created such technological staples as the Ipad, Ipod, and Iphone. Steve Jobs was also known for his excellent speeches and captivating his audience. Unfortunately in 2011, Steve Jobs lost a long battle to pancreatic cancer. The characteristics of a superior leader are not hard to identify. Drive, integrity, self-confidence, and knowledge of business are characteristics of an exceptional leader. All of the above described Steve Jobs. Jobs was a very driven man, not for money, or power. Jobs believed that power is a necessity for what actually drove him: achievement itself. Jobs’ persistence was shown even more after leaving Apple. Steve could have spent his life dwelling over his loss, but instead he created two new, very successful companies. Maybe this drive is why Forbes named Jobs 2007’s most powerful person in business. Integrity was important to Jobs; his drive would push him to live up to what he promised. At times, following through with his promise would not always come out in the â€Å"nicest† way. Jobs was known to be difficult to get along with, especially in team meetings. Steve Jobs’ self-confidence was over flowing and considered arrogant by some, but he always believed in what he was trying to accomplish. Jobs’ knowledge of his business was extraordinary, revolutionizing technology at every turn. One of Jobs’ greatest quotes on leadership is â€Å"Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower† (Jobs, 2006). Steve Jobs’ leadership style is very difficult to clearly identify. Jobs’ characteristics and traits sporadically fit into different leadership styles. Jobs would be classified as an autocratic leader, he tells people what to do, asserting themselves, and serving as a model team member. Jobs was definitely not a democratic leader, it has been said that Jobs hated team meetings and was rather rude when employees spoke their mind. Steve Jobs could also be classified as entrepreneurial, despite the fact that he is a multibillionaire, his work ethic never changed. Andrew Dubrin defines an entrepreneur as â€Å"someone with a strong will for achievement and a sensible risk taking, high degree of enthusiasm, tendency to act quickly on opportunity, being impatient, visionary, amongst others† (Dubrin, 2010). Dubrin’s definition describes Steve Jobs to a tee. A transformational leader is one who â€Å"brings about major, positive change for the group, organization or society† (Dubrin, 2010). Jobs’ leadership showed many similarities to a transformational leader except one, Jobs lacked the humane qualities necessary. Jobs’ could also be considered a charismatic leader. Steve’s exceptional ability to captivate his audience during a speech is the time his charisma can be clearly seen. Jobs could fit himself into whichever scenario necessary to reach his audience. Steve Jobs is such an exceptional businessman, leader, and innovator. I have enjoyed learning more about his leadership and his career. Jobs has made me realize that there is no cookie cutter style of leadership that one person can follow. I found it helpful to relate different leadership styles to an actual person. To have a detailed explanation about how the text about leadership changes into real life is useful. He has made me open my eyes to the possibility that no one leadership position is more effective than another. Jobs was not necessarily the warmest of bosses yet he was still able to find that personal connection with his customers. Steve Jobs was able to interest and excite the consumer to have his latest â€Å"miracle. † Not every leader is great at everything, even the best struggle with certain aspects of their leadership. For me, I can see how the lessons that I have learned in my research will apply in my future. I have learned not to ever give up, always keep your eyes focused on the goal ahead. No matter how big or small the project is, the end goal is the same; success. Steve Jobs’ ability to rise above disappointment or despair and move on with such drive to succeed is extraordinary. This drive has motivated me to want to strive for the same. Steve Jobs has given me the examples of leadership that shows that how a strong leader can revolutionize the world. Think of how many homes have Iphones, Ipads, Ipods, or any other Apple product in their home. The products have become the â€Å"norm† in many homes. What a feeling of accomplishment Steve Jobs’ must have felt. All of his hard work and ingenuity is shown in the excitement his customers show with his inventions. I would consider Steve Jobs to be one of the most effective leaders that I have had the pleasure of researching. Being able to overcome being pushed out of the company that he co-founded is unbelievable. Only to later come back to that company and be able to turn around the sinking company. What a display of true leadership Steve Jobs showed the country. Steve was able to show not only his fellow Apple employees but everyone in the world how drive and perseverance can inspire anyone to reach for the stars. References Bateman, . & Snell, . (2009). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. : . Retrieved from, MGT330 website. Jobs, S. (2006, January 24). The leader-follower [Video file]. Retrieved from Subconscious Films website: http://www. subconsciousfilms. Kramer, D. (2010). david. kramer. wordpress. com. Retrieved from http://davidkramer. wordpress. com/2010/02/15/leadership-behaviours-and-attitudes-of-steve-jobs/ Steve Jobs Leadership Case Study. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. leadership-with-you. com/steve-jobs-leadership. html

Project Management Plan

Project Management Plan Free Online Research Papers Project Management Plan Paper There will be several things that will be identified within this paper. The companies that are involved in this paper are American Bank of Indiana (ABI) and the First American Financial Services group (FAFS). The two banks are going to a merger and some of the risks that have came up during this time is how they can merge in a timely manner and how to avoid any risks that are going to be involved at that time. Something that will be explained in this paper is how the changes will be managed by the management team and how these risks can be avoided from happening. Management is looking at coming into this merger while there is a project already being worked on at this time. I will explain how the management team is going to work through this situation. Within this paper it will be explained how management will measure the project risks and also explaining how the project closure should take place when completed. ABI currently is headquartered in Indiana and employees over 1,800 employees. They currently have over 500,000 customers, with 28 branches and over 80 ATM’s located throughout Indiana. ABI has become one of the most successful banks and has been currently working on a project called â€Å"Project Integra.† This project consists of putting all of there current services on a financial software. The project is currently being outsourced to FAFS. The project team also consists of outside contractors that will be involved with the project. The merge between the two companies will take over six months to take place and may be hard for this project team to retrieve the necessary resources to complete the project. Management Responses Identification FAFS needs to have involvement during this project, along with making sure that there is enough on the job training for their current team members. FAFS is also working on other projects so it is necessary that management should not expect them to be available when it comes to this project. Something that needs to be discussed with the management team right away is that FAFS should let the management team from ABI know that they are not always available right away, because of this fact of working on other projects. Something that needs to be done is that there has to be communication between the two management teams. Anything that needs to be discussed should be brought up when it comes to the commitment of ABI’s project. Something that has been an issue is the network equipment that belongs to ABI. The company is already above the cost and with the issues with the network costs this is adding more costs to the budget that was not figured in for the project. In order for ABI to avoid this management team should have created a â€Å"Change Control Board.† This would have evaluated any cost increases and there would have been a reserve within the budget for such issues. The database personnel have had a weak commitment to this project and the project manager needs to deal with this first. Management had requested for help from the database specialists and now they need to deal with how to help fix the problems that have risen from these specialists not having the commitment to the project. In order for the project to move forward on this project they need to be able and plan and they can not do this without the commitment that is needed from everyone involved. If the project manager arranges meetings this can help reorganize the processes and then they can decide on how they will complete the project. With having these meetings this can also help with commitment in the project and coming to a completion of the project. Project Schedule Define Scope Define Requirements Hold a meeting with all necessary parties and discuss project and schedule Get approvals for the project from the correct parties Develop a staffing plan Develop the schedule Develop the project budget Develop a communication plan Review the content of the project for quality Conduct a post-project review These are the main points that should be done when it comes to the project schedule. The management team should look at these things and decide what else they may need to add to the schedule as they are working through the project. There should be timeframes for everything when it comes to the project schedule and when each category will be completed. Weighting Perceived Risk There are going to be several risks involved with planning a project management plan. A major source of risk in project management is inaccurate forecasts of project costs, demand, and other impacts (Flyvbjerg, 2006). Several risks that were established during this simulation are: resource constraints, skills and competency, dependency on FAFS for design inputs, availability systems and standards, legacy systems and standards, infrastructure problems, natural or manmade disasters, technology obsolescence, change in management priorities, lack of team synergy and commitment. The risk management plan that I have included is something that management should look at in order to avoid risks during the implementation and completion of the project. Since the company is looking at the future of both ABI and FAFS, these companies have been looking to outsource this project due to not have commitment of the database specialists. There have been risks so far and there is a chance of more risks if the companies outsource the project to another company. If they would happen to outsource there is the chance of overtime that was not anticipated, delays in the schedule, or even the chance of the costs going over budget. This is something that the project manager needs to look at and then assign the correct staff to the project. He could assign the IT staff to make sure that they are monitoring the project and also help the outsource company where needed. They can also assist in retrieving any reports that the outsourcing company may need. An example would be that management may be able to split up these things to be able to satisfy the constraints. In any case, management must be aware of the constraints before any of these alternatives can be considered, and cost effective decisions made (Just Murphy, 1994). Project Integra could hold several risks for these companies. Management needs to look at these risks to avoid them. The types of risks that they could possibly be looking at are things such as not addressing these skills and competency gaps with their internal and external customers when changing to the new systems. They should make sure that their customers have been informed of this change and provide the necessary resources for training and any knowledge base issues they may have with the new system. Future Risks There is the chance that with the new system that more risks may arise over time. Having everyone up to date on the system and providing necessary training is important when to businesses such as ABI and FAFS are merging into one. Customers will be concerned with these changes and should be informed how this new system may affect them when it is completed. Management needs to make sure that everyone understands the processes and how it is going to fixed when an issue does happen. The management team needs to be prepared for any unforeseen issues. There is the risk of losing customers if they are not informed in advance of what is going on and this could possibly have an impact on the company’s reputations. Measuring Project Risk The project manager needs to make sure that he is directing them In order to complete the efforts of Project Integra the project manager needs to make sure that his employees are being directed in the correct direction. The performance of this project is important and that it is recognized along with all of the elements of the project. Changes as such can be implemented, but there has to be knowledge of the project and the information needs to be provided. Some that is not a major concern is that performance management and the collection of any data that is needed or associated with the project, which is predefined within the performance goal. There are two things that should be looked at when it comes to this project and that is the delivery and the quality of the project in the end. The standard measures should have some impact on the project goals. These measures should be defined in the beginning before the project has been started. The person that is leading this project should be able to obtain what the actual results should be from this measure. With this process these things will be done through increased efficiency and effectiveness of the processes and the product enhancement. The projects outcome is going to come from the performance management of the project. The companies goal is to be able to manage the outcome along with making sure there is reduced or no variance in the work product or process. The project manager is the person who will be in charge. He/she will be making sure that there is output from the staff managers and that the project is progressing as it should. The project manager will also help the employees get involved in the project and help them understand the goals and why it is important for them to achieve these goals. The project manager will be the one to explain why these changes need to be done, how the company will complete the project and what will be the impact in the end from the project. Process performance may be an early warning signal of downstream problems in a project’s quality, time, or productivity (Syamil, Doll, Apigian, 2004). The performance elements and standards should be considered SMART which stands for: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely. These are critical elements in which employees should be held accountable for their work. Performance plans should be done for all employees that are involved on the projects and should be flexible so that there can be adjustment or changes made if needed. Feedback should be available from all employees. This feedback will help these employees are achieving their goals and how to work in groups. A project manager should be able to look at the project performance indicators and then make a decision on how he will make things better when it comes to the customer’s satisfaction, developmental costs and the manufacturing profits of the company. Each link in this product concept to economic value chain is pivotal to the economic value of the project (Syamil, Doll, Apigian, 2004). Without monitoring these things and doing this continually, the manager will then be able to identify if there is unacceptable performance during the project and will then be able to provide assistance where needed. The project manager will also be able to increase training if needed and also introduce new skills for the higher level of responsibilities. There are several things that the project manager can do when it comes to the qualifications of the employees and by providing them with skills that will strengthen their ability to work on the project. In order to have effective management the behavior of employees should be controlled, if it is not then there should be consequences in the end. These can be formal, informal or even positive or negative with the employees. Project Closure Approach There are many things that project managers need to do especially when it comes to project closure. They may have all of the things when it comes to starting a project and also when it comes to working through the project. How often do they look at things when it comes to closing the project? The following things should be looked at when it comes to closing the project. These few points are important because the two companies need to understand the way that they do proper synchronization of their companies while merging. A project manager needs to look closely at the completion of the project, the post project analysis, the releasing resources, but something that is very important is that they need to make sure that they close out the work orders. This needs to be done for financial reasons to help the company be stable in their financial status. â€Å"Project success or failure often depends on management’s ability to handle personnel issues properly during this final phase. If job assignments beyond the current project look undesirable or uncertain to project team members, a great deal of anxiety and conflict may develop that diverts needed energy to job hunting, foot dragging, or even sabotage. Project personnel may engage in job searches on their own and may leave the project prematurely. This creates a glaring void that is often difficult to patch (Kerzner, 2003).† The management team needs to encourage their employees to learn this new software once it is implemented within the companies. Often leadership does not do these things and this will help everyone to accept the changes especially if management is there when they use hands on training for their employees. This will help the employees along with their people in customer service because they will understand what is expected of their job. With the development of this software there will be a schedule of events and changes. These changes and events will help employees appreciate what is coming of the new software. Conclusion With this project and making sure that it has been implemented successfully, this is something that ABI has made sure that has happened. ABI is making sure that both themselves and FAFS are prepared when it comes to the changes and how they will be successful they will be in the end. Management has stepped up to the plate to make sure that all of their employees are up to speed on the software and how it will impact their jobs and what will also be expected of them in the end. With this project if the correct steps are followed the merger of these two companies will be successful along with the implementation of the software being a success for both companies. This will help these companies grow as one in their future. With this project the project manager is looking at a lot of things that need to be done. If these things are not done this project could become to be a failure for the company especially as these companies are merging into one. Being prepared for implementation of this project is very important to the manager and this is going to help the company in the future be successful. This will not only be when the merger happens, but in years to come. The company needs to do what is going to be best for their reputation and how they are going to be the number one company in the nation. References Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). From Nobel Prize to Project Management Getting Risks Right. Project Management Journal, 37(3), 5-15. Retrieved February 12, 2010, from ProQuest database. Just, M.R., Murphy, J.P. (1994). The effect of resource constraints on project schedules. Transactions of AACE International: Transactions, 1994, DCL2.1. Retrieved February 12, 2010, from ProQuest database. Kerzner, H. (2003). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, 8e Chapter 11: Planning: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Syamil, A., Doll, W.J., Apigian, C.H. (2004). Process performance in product development: measure and impacts. European Journal of Innovation Management, 7(3), 205-217. Retrieved February 12, 2010, from ProQuest database. 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